R.M.S.S. Etna
I, W^m Bridgeman, Master of the R.M.S.S. "Etna", do solemnly, sincerely, and truly swear that the following List or Manifest, subscribed by me, and now delivered by me to the Collector of the Customs of the Collection District of New York, is a full and perfect List of all the Passengers taken on board the said R.M.S.S. "Etna" at Liverpool via Queenstown and Halifax, from which Ports the said R.M.S.S. "Etna" has now arrived; and that on said List is truly designated the age, the sex, and the occupation of each of said passengers, the part of the vessel occupied by each during the passage, the country to which each belongs, and also the country of which it is intended by each to become an inhabitant; and that said List or Manifest truly sets forth the number of said Passengers who have died on said Voyage and the names and ages of those who died. So help me God.
(Signature) William Bridgeman.
Sworn to this March 3rd 1868, Before me. (Signature) ?????????, D.C..
List or Manifest of ALL THE PASSENGERS taken on board the R.M.S.S. "Etna" whereof William Bridgeman is Master, from Liverpool via Queenstown and Halifax, burthen 1563 tons.
Columns represent: given name and surname, age, sex, occupation, the country to which they severally belong, and the part of the vessel occupied during the voyage. Since all the passengers intend to become inhabitants of the "United States", and no one died during the voyage, these two columns are omitted in this transcription.
1* Rich^d H?????on 41 M Farmer England Steerage
2 Kate Duggan 20 F Spinst England Steerage
3 Magt King 18 F Spinst England Steerage
4 James Hunter 29 M Joiner England Steerage
5 Sarah Hunter 54 F Wife England Steerage
6 Geo Stonehouse 27 M Mason England Steerage
7 Cari Stonehouse 26 F Wife England Steerage
8 Eliza Stonehouse Inft F Infant England Steerage
9* Jos ???ody 38 M Farmer England Steerage
10 Laur^ce Brady 19 M Farmer England Steerage
11 Laur^ce Clancy 24 M Farmer England Steerage
12 Ebenezer Young 23 M Farmer England Steerage
13* Sam^l Cottrell 18 M Farmer England Steerage
14 Hy Fountain 27 M Farmer England Steerage
15* Hy Shumman 42 M Farmer England Steerage
16 W^m Shingles 30 M Farmer England Steerage
17 Anthony Satchell 19 M Farmer England Steerage
18 Ben Barton 21 M Farmer England Steerage
19 Robert Barton 24 M Farmer England Steerage
20 Magt Bryon 23 F Spinst England Steerage
21 James Loughlin 27 M Tailor Ireland Steerage
22 Thos Loftus 30 M Tailor Ireland Steerage
23 Brid Loftus 28 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
24 Mary Loftus 4 F Child Ireland Steerage
25 Brid Loftus 2 F Child Ireland Steerage
26 W^m Loftus Inft M Inft Ireland Steerage
27* Jno Keefe 25 M Lab^r England Steerage
28 Thos Smith 28 M Lab^r England Steerage
29 Moss Wolfe 47 M Lab^r England Steerage
30 Pat Cosgrove 20 M Lab^r England Steerage
31 Mary Keenan 20 F Spinst England Steerage
32 Thos Finnegan 26 M Farmer Ireland Steerage
33 Jas Connelly 20 M Farmer Ireland Steerage
34* Trr McArdle 17 M Farmer Ireland Steerage
35* Jno McGuire 20 M Farmer Ireland Steerage
36 Owen Roundtree 20 M Farmer Ireland Steerage
37* Cul Keenen 21 M Farmer Ireland Steerage
38* Rose Keenen 17 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
39 And Morrison 32 M Tailor Ireland Steerage
40 Henry Lisle 19 M Tailor Ireland Steerage
41 John G Greton 21 M Tailor Ireland Steerage
42* Johann Schoumann 21 M Tailor Germany Steerage
43 James Middleton 44 M Tailor England Steerage
44* Jas Temde 50 M Tailor England Steerage
45 W^m Fitzsimmons 36 M Tailor England Steerage
46 Owen Kelly 52 M Tailor England Steerage
47 Pat Crawford 30 M Tailor England Steerage
48 Henry Peterson 30 M Tailor England Steerage
49 Johnson Miller 26 M Tailor England Steerage
50 Dominco Dafras 28 M Tailor Spain Steerage
51 Francesco Dafras 37 F Wife Spain Steerage
52 Bob Roschursky 32 M Gent Germany Steerage
53* Ernest^e Lurowsky 38 F Wife Germany Steerage
54* W^m Lurowsky 10 M Child Germany Steerage
55 J.L. Johnson 30 M Tinker Germany Steerage
56 John Kelly 30 M Tinker Ireland Steerage
57 Louis Frickle 25 M Tinker Ireland Steerage
58 Jno McNeall 27 M Tinker Ireland Steerage
59 Jno Roderick 25 M Farmer England Steerage
60 Chas Allen 22 M Farmer England Steerage
61* Ira Singleton 27 M Farmer England Steerage
62 Pat Byrne 19 M Farmer England Steerage
63 John Byrne 23 M Farmer England Steerage
64 Brid Byrne 21 F Spinst England Steerage
65* Brid Evitt 21 F Spinst England Steerage
66 Peter Thompson 20 M Lab^r England Steerage
67 W^m Bach 32 M Lab^r Switzerland Steerage
68* Jno Hand 17 M Lab^r England Steerage
69 Geo Pownall 21 M Lab^r England Steerage
70* W^m Prefey 23 M Lab^r England Steerage
71 Fred Kaufmann 23 M Lab^r Belgium Steerage
72 Fanny Rosenberger 21 F Spinst Belgium Steerage
73* Hein Horrmann 31 M Mason Belgium Steerage
74 Rich^d Fredrick 21 M Mason Belgium Steerage
75 Hans Thiefson 22 M Mason Belgium Steerage
76 James Diary 26 M Mason Belgium Steerage
77 James Stanton 24 M Mason Belgium Steerage
78 Robert Ellis 19 M Farmer Wales Steerage
79 Pat Graven 22 M Farmer Wales Steerage
80 J Belany 38 M Farmer Wales Steerage
81 R R Evans 25 M Farmer U.S.A. Steerage
82 David Gordon 26 M Farmer Ireland Steerage
83 Owen Reilly 49 M Farmer Ireland Steerage
84 Brid McGovern 43 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
85 Thos McGovern 20 M Grow^r Ireland Steerage
86 Ml McGovern 10 M Child Ireland Steerage
87 Robt Jeffrey 48 M Tinker Ireland Steerage
88* Eliza Bo?se 36 F Wife England Steerage
89* Thos Bo?se 30 M Tailor England Steerage
90* Francis Bo?se 11 M Child England Steerage
91 John Wilson 30 M Farmer England Steerage
92* John Fl???ing 29 M Farmer England Steerage
93 Kate Hopkins 24 F Spinst England Steerage
94 James Warren 51 M Farmer England Steerage
95 Jane Warren 20 F Spinst England Steerage
96 Amy Warren 18 F Spinst England Steerage
97 Geo Deiken 24 M Lab^r Suisse Steerage
98 Cath Smith 16 F Spinst England Steerage
99* John Che??? 21 M Lab^r England Steerage
100* Geo Che??? 16 M Lab^r England Steerage
101 W^m Pearce 17 M Lab^r England Steerage
102 Micket Andres 25 M Lab^r Belgium Steerage
103* Susanna Ernst 22 F Lab^r Belgium Steerage
104* Johan Ar???t 24 M Lab^r Belgium Steerage
105 Fried Schultz 24 M Lab^r Belgium Steerage
106 Eml Rosenhilz 21 M Lab^r Belgium Steerage
107 Joseph Block 28 M Lab^r Belgium Steerage
108 Carl Eckmann 35 M Lab^r Belgium Steerage
109* Jacobus Nestern 34 M Lab^r Belgium Steerage
110* Ann Nestern 4 F Child Belgium Steerage
111* Jacobus Nestern Inft M Infant Belgium Steerage
112 Joh Nietting 25 M Lab^r Belgium Steerage
113* Hein Pauhorst 14 M Lab^r Belgium Steerage
114 Bern^d Sherry 30 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
115 Rose Sherry 20 F Wife Ireland Steerage
116 John Jones 37 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
117 Cath Jones 26 F Wife Ireland Steerage
118 Sarah Jones Inft F Inft Ireland Steerage
119 Ann Graham 25 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
120 Nicks Kavanagh 26 M Gent Ireland Steerage
121 Thos O'Connor 33 M Gent Ireland Steerage
122 Edw^d O'Connor 24 M Gent Ireland Steerage
123 Eliz Whitlock 20 F Spinst Wales Steerage
124 W^m Kirkwall 28 M Mason Wales Steerage
125 W^m A Ross 19 M Gent Ireland Steerage
126* Abm Deboer 31 M Lab^r Suisse Steerage
127* Jane Deboer 31 F Lab^r Suisse Steerage
128* Walter Hallet 30 M Lab^r Suisse Steerage
129 Susan Gilmore 30 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
130 Martin Fleming 24 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
131 Victor L Blanc 27 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
132* Margt Finniston 48 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
133 Jane Saunders 29 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
134* P McCane 24 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
135* Pat O'Neill 20 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
136 Edw^d Henry 25 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
137 Brid Henry 20 F Wife Ireland Steerage
138 Jas McDonough 26 M Farmer Ireland Steerage
139* Francis Kanon 20 M Farmer Ireland Steerage
140 James Gavin 27 M Farmer Ireland Steerage
141 Mary McGawley 40 F Spinster Ireland Steerage
142 W^m Middleton 44 M Tailor Ireland Steerage
143 Jas Middleton 19 M Tailor Ireland Steerage
144 Mrs Arnold 37 F Wife Ireland Steerage
145 Laura Arnold 10 F Child Ireland Steerage
146 Louisa Arnold 5 F Child Ireland Steerage
147 W^m Arnold 7 M Child Ireland Steerage
148 Anne Arnold Inft F Inft Ireland Steerage
149 Mrs Coveney 37 F Wife Ireland Steerage
150 Kate Coveney 15 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
151 Ann Coveney 11 F Child Ireland Steerage
152 Anne Coveney 8 F Child Ireland Steerage
153 Mrs Weston 27 F Wife Ireland Steerage
154 Anne Weston Inft F Inft Ireland Steerage
155 Ann Donoghue 40 F Wife Ireland Steerage
156 Magt Donoghue 20 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
157 Mary Ann Donoghue 18 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
158 Thos Donoghue 12 M Child Ireland Steerage
159 Brid Bryan 18 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
160 W^m Bryan 20 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
161 Philip Donoghue 9 M Child Ireland Steerage
162 John Donoghue 7 M Child Ireland Steerage
163 James Donoghue 6 M Child Ireland Steerage
164 Kate Donoghue 3 F Child Ireland Steerage
165 Joseph Donoghue Inft M Inft Ireland Steerage
166 Thady Kennedy 25 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
167 Mary Kennedy 21 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
168 Cath Kennedy 18 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
169 Mary Lords 20 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
170 Mary Kelleher 26 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
171 Honor Hodnett 22 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
172* J??? Hodnett 13 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
173* Cath Byrne 21 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
174 Mgt Cogley 22 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
175* Ma??d Hynes 22 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
176* T?r?y Cronin 31 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
177 Ellen Connolly 20 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
178 Tho^s Flanagan 25 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
179 John Mahon 24 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
180 Mary Flanagan 30 F Wife Ireland Steerage
181 Mary Flanagan Inft F Inft Ireland Steerage
182 Ml Garvey 42 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
183 Cath Garvey 38 F Wife Ireland Steerage
184 Cath Garvey 16 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
185 Geo Garvey 13 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
186 John Garvey 11 M Child Ireland Steerage
187 Ellen Garvey 9 F Child Ireland Steerage
188 W^m Garvey 7 M Child Ireland Steerage
189 Pat Garvey 5 M Child Ireland Steerage
190 Jno Garvey 3 M Child Ireland Steerage
191 Mary Garvey Inft F Inft Ireland Steerage
192 Mat Garvey Inft M Inft Ireland Steerage
193 Ml Buckley 30 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
194 Bgt Hayes 22 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
195 Stephen Hayes 20 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
196 Danl Halloran 23 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
197 Con Ryan 27 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
198 Pat Ryan 24 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
199 Denis D Murphy 21 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
200* Jno Clarkson 30 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
201 Mat Skelton 26 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
202 Pat Shea 22 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
203 Bgt Hurley 20 F Spinster Ireland Steerage
204 Ellen Moran 20 F Spinster Ireland Steerage
205 Jas Wittycombe 38 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
206 Martha Wittycombe 38 F Wife Ireland Steerage
207 John Wittycombe 11 M Child Ireland Steerage
208 Ann M Wittycombe 9 F Child Ireland Steerage
209 Moses Wittycombe 5 M Child Ireland Steerage
210 Edith Wittycombe 3 F Child Ireland Steerage
211 George Turner 30 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
212 Sarah Turner 30 F Wife Ireland Steerage
213 Ann Wylie 28 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
214 Pat Nagle 21 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
215 Jane Finneran 20 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
216 Ellen Murphy 28 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
217 W.E. Kelly 20 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
218 J.B. Adams 32 M Clerk Ireland Steerage
219 Pat Sullivan 25 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
220 Jno O'Brien 18 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
221 Mathilda Allen 17 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
222 John Godfrey 27 M Lab^r Ireland Steerage
223 Hannah Wolfe 26 F Spinst Ireland Steerage
Cabin Passengers
224* Mr W A Faris 30 M Gent England Cabin
225* Mr Pleas Keanz 30 M Gent Spain Cabin
226* Mrs Pleas Keanz 28 F Lady Spain Cabin
227 Mr P W Malcolm 28 M Gent Scotland Cabin
228* Mr Louis Elkin 40 M Gent Scotland Cabin
229* Mrs Louis Elkin 36 F Lady Scotland Cabin
230* Clotilda Elkin 7 F Child Scotland Cabin
231* Hortense Elkin 4 F Child Scotland Cabin
232* Mr Tandre??r 21 M Gent Scotland Cabin
233 Mr W H Howell 40 M Gent Scotland Cabin
234 Captain Jeffrey 30 M Gent Scotland Cabin
235* Captain Achmore 21 M Gent England Cabin
Cabin From Halifax
236 Mrs Carter 40 F Lady England Cabin
237 Miss Carter 20 F Lady England Cabin
238 Capt. McLeod 28 M Gent England Cabin
239 Miss McLeod 21 F Lady England Cabin
240 J B King 30 M Gent England Cabin
241 W^m Robins 41 M Gent England Cabin
242 Jas Wilson 28 M Gent England Cabin
243 Mrs Wilson 30 F Lady England Cabin
244 Miss Wilson 9 F Child England Cabin
245 Rev D Pryor 40 M Gent England Cabin
246* Hon Sen Bourinot 41 M Gent England Cabin
247 Stewart Campbell MP 28 M Gent England Cabin
248 Capt E N Fancon 31 M Gent England Cabin
249 Levi Hart 28 M Gent England Cabin
250 A Hart 28 M Gent England Cabin
251 W A DeWolfe 28 M Gent England Cabin
252 Mr DeWolf 27 M Gent England Cabin
253* Hon Jas McKey MP 41 M Gent Ireland Cabin
254 Mr W R Carter 42 M Gent Ireland Cabin
255 Rich^d Harvey 33 M Gent Ireland Cabin
256 Miss Cowley 21 F Lady Ireland Cabin
257 Mrs Sutherland 42 F Lady Ireland Cabin
258 Miss Sutherland 9 F Child Ireland Cabin
259 Miss Sutherland 7 F Child Ireland Cabin
260 Miss Sutherland 7 F Child Ireland Cabin
261 Mast. Sutherland 5 M Child Ireland Cabin
262 Mast. Sutherland 4 M Child Ireland Cabin
263 Jas Rowe 27 M Gent Ireland Cabin
264 Jas W Watt 26 M Gent Ireland Cabin
265 Jno G Hall 31 M Gent Ireland Cabin
266 S H Sweet 28 M Gent Ireland Cabin
267 J E Woodworth 31 M Gent Ireland Cabin
268 W J Croke 32 M Gent Ireland Cabin
269 A Dyer 28 M Gent Ireland Cabin
270 A D Ramson 33 M Gent Ireland Cabin
271 Jno Stryker 27 M Gent Ireland Cabin
272 Jno D McLearn 36 M Gent Ireland Cabin
Steerage From Halifax
273 Mrs Olston 30 F Wife England Steerage
274 Jane Olston 9 F Child England Steerage
275 Ann Olston 7 F Child England Steerage
276 W Jones 40 M Lab^r England Steerage
277 Ed Pepper 41 M Lab^r England Steerage
278 Jno Harris 28 M Lab^r England Steerage
279 Jno S Northmore 21 M Lab^r England Steerage
Transcriber's Notes:
A question mark (?) indicates a letter or a number that can not be
transcribed definitely.
An asterisk (*) indicates either difficulty in deciphering the handwriting of
the manifest or something in the Transcriber Notes to which the reader should
refer.
A caret (^) indicates that the following letter in a word or name is
superscripted.
The transcribers numbered all the passengers consecutively 1 through 279,
even though the recorder of the original manifest did not number the
passengers.
The recorder of the manifest often abbreviates given names by writing the
first few letters of the name, then skipping letters and then writing the
final letter as superscripted. In these cases, the transcribers use the
symbol (^) to indicate that the following letter is superscripted, i.e.,
Tho^s for Thomas, Edw^d for Edward, W^m for William, etc. Othertimes, the
recorder abbreviates names by writing the first few letters, skipping letters
and then adding the final letter of the name, i.e., Bgt or Brid for Bridget,
Hy for Henry, Jas for James, Jno for John, Mgt or Margt for Margaret, Ml for
Michael, Thos for Thomas, etc..
The recorder of the manifest lists all the Irish surnames normally beginning
with "Mac" as beginning instead with "Mc".
1 Surname clearly begins with "H", followed by several letters which are too
faint to decipher followed by the two letters "on". The faint middle
letters are all small with none extending above or below the line.
Surname might possibly be "Harrison" or "Morrison".
9 Given name is either "Jas" or "Jos". Surname appears to begin with "B"
followed by "r" followed a completely undeciphereable letter followed by
either "a" or "o" followed by either "dy" or "ty".
13 Surname appears to be either "Cattrell" or "Cottrell".
15 Surname appears to be either "Shumman", "Shemman" or "Shunman".
27 Surname is either "Keefe" or "O'Keefe".
34 Given name clearly written as "Trr", perhaps meant as an abbreviation for
"Terrance". Although written as "McArdle", surname might be "MacArdle".
35 Although written as "McGuire", surname might be "Maguire".
37-38 Surname is either "Keenen" or "Keenan".
42 Surname is possibly "Schoumann", "Schonenmann", "Schonemann" or
"Schovemann"
44 Surname is possibly "Temde", "Fernde" or "Frinde".
53-54 Surname appears to be either "Lurowsky" or "Lurousky".
61 Given name appears to be written as "Ira", but might possibly be "Jno".
65 Surname is possibly "Evitt" or "Evett".
68 Surname appears to be "Jno", but might be "Jas".
70 Surname is possibly "Prefey", "Pilfey" or "Pelfey".
73 Surname is possibly "Horrmann", "Honrmann" or "Hornmann".
80 Surname appears to be either "Belany" or "Belary".
89-90 Third letter of surname is not clearly written and cannot be deciphered
with certainty, but might be "a", "n" or "r" resulting in surname possibly
"Boase", "Bonse" or "Borse".
92 Surname clearly begins with "Fl" and ends "ing" but the middle letters are
faint difficult to decipher but might be "am", amm", "em" or "emm" or
something similar resulting in possible surname "Flaming", "Flamming",
"Fleming" or "Flemming".
99-100 Surname clearly begins "Che" but the last three or four letters are
too faint to decipher with confidence, but might be "lew", "lev", "leu" or
something similar resulting in possible surname "Chelew", "Chelev" or
"Cheleu".
103 Passenger's Sex is listed as "F" and has a feminine given name, but
Occupation is listed as "Lab^r", likely a recording error.
104 Surname clearly begins with "Ar and end with "t" but the two or three
letters in between are too faint to decipher with certainty, but might be
"ren" or "ner" or something similar, resulting in possible surname
"Arrent", "Arnert", among others.
109-111 Surname appears to be "Nestern", "Nectern", "Nesters" or "Necters".
113 Surname appears to be either "Pauhorst" or "Panhorst".
126-127 Surname appears to be either "Deboer" or "Deborr".
127 Passenger's Sex is listed as "F" and has a feminine given name, but
Occupation is listed as "Lab^r", likely a recording error.
128 Surname is either "Hallet" or "Hollet".
132 Given name appears to be either "Margt" or "Mary".
134 Although written as "McCane", surname might possibly be "McCain".
135 Although written as "O'Niell", surname might actually be "O'Neill".
139 Although written as "Kanon", surname might possibly be "Cannon".
172 Given name is not clearly written but might be "Josh", "Jort", "Jerh",
among others.
173 Surname is very faint and cannot be deciphered with confidence, but
clearly begins with "By" and ends with "e", and the name is probably
"Byrne".
175 Given name is very faint and cannot be deciphered with confidence, but
clearly begins with "Ma" and ends with "d" and the letters in between are
entirely too faint to see or even count.
176 Given name is very faint and cannot be deciphered with confidence, but
clearly begins with "T" and ends with "y" and in between there appears to
be at least one "r" so the name is possibly though not certainly "Terry".
200 Given name appears to be either "Jno" or "Jas".
224 Although written as "Feris" or "Haris", surname might be "Farris" or
"Harris".
225-226 Since there is no break between given name and surname, it is
impossible to tell if there is a given name. Surname is possibly "Keanz",
"Pleaskeanz" or "Pleastleanz".
228-231 Surname is "Elkin" or "Elkins".
232 Surname clearly begins "Sandre" or "Tandre", followed by two or three
letters which are poorly formed and difficult to decipher, and ends with
"r". Surname is possibly "Tandreyer" or "Tandreuer".
235 Surname is possibly "Achmore", "Ackmore" or "Actmore".
246 First name or title is written as "HorSen" or "HonSen", which might be two
words "Hon" and "Sen". Surname is possibly "Bourinot" or "Bowimot".
253 Surname is possibly "McKey" followed by "MP", or is "McKeyrey" or
"McKeyney".
National Archives and Records Administration, Film M237, Reel 291, List 150.
Transcribed by Phil Buckley a member of the
Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild
31 August 2003
The new ISTG logo was created by Patty McCormack, 2007.
The old Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild logo, which is still used in part on this site,
was designed and contributed by Pat Walker and Sheila Tate.
The logo and other genealogical graphics are available on tee shirts, mousepads and tote bags from: AncesTees.
ISTG does not profit in any way from the sale of these items.
Copyrights, Trade Marks, & Registered Trade Marks within this web site are protected under international copyright law. All rights reserved by the respective holders of any ™ © ® included within this site. 1998-2007
ISTG NOTICE: These electronic pages may NOT be reproduced in whole or part in any format for presentation, distribution or profit by anyone without the express written consent of the Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild. Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild is independently owned.